TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
91
No.
SSN 1994-733X, Editorial Universidad Don Bosco,
aΓ±o 17, No.36, Enero-Junio de 2020, p.91-104
ISSN 1994-733X, Editorial Universidad DonBosco,
year 17, No.36, January--June 2020, p.91-104
36
Trabajo, supervivencia y
bienestar
1
Luis Armando GonzΓ‘lez
2
β€œLa lucha por seguir vivos es el
impulso primordial de los seres animales,
y los humanos despliegan su ingenio y
su resoluciΓ³n consciente para aplazar la
muerte todo lo posible”.
Steven Pinker
Resumen
Estas notas –que constituyen una especie de ensayoβ€” contienen una
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ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξš³ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ
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ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξš³ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Ήξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‰ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‰ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
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ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜­ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™•ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ˜€ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™–ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ›ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜«ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜©ξ™„ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜²ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ˜§ξ™’ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¬ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™…ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ˜¬ξ˜¨ξ˜Άξ˜€ξ˜Άξ˜ƒ
ξ˜ͺξ™’ξ™ξ™‰ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ˜¦ξ˜―ξ˜€ξ˜¦ξ˜Άξ˜²ξ˜Œξ˜‘
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
92
ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜±ξ™’ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ˜―ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ›‰ξ™‘ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
Palabras cave:ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
Abstract
ξ˜·ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξš³ξ™šξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™–ξ™„ξ™œξš³ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ›ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™šξ™ˆξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™šξ™’ξ™•ξ™Žξ˜ƒ ξš³ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™’ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™œξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξš³ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™’ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™Žξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ˜ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξš³
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™’ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™Œξ™—ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™šξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™„ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™—ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξš΅ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™—ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™’ξ™•ξ™Žξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™œξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™œξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‡ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™šξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ™šξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξ™šξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ˜ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξ™’ξ‘›ξ™–ξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™šξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™„ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜΅ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜­ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™•ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜€ξ™‡ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™—ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™’ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ˜―ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒΓngelξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™’ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™‹ξ™œξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¬ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™‰ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™’ξ™•ξ™Žξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ˜ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™—ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘
KeyWords: ξ™šξ™’ξ™•ξ™Žξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™šξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–
I
ξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
93
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ›€ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜Ήξ˜¬ξ˜¬ξ˜¬ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜¬ξ˜»ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
acceso a lo que es esencial para su vida, la cual desde las revoluciones
ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»ξš³ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜±ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ™“ξ™Œξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜”ξ˜œξ˜—ξ˜›ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™°ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
los individuos.
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™…ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™…ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™‰ξ™°ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ›€ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™˜ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•
3
.
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ˜Άξ™Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒdictum de los capitalistas del
ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜¬ξ˜»ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»
4
ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ˜Άξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™Šξ™„ξ™ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨‘ξ˜¨ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™—ξ™†ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨’ξ˜¦ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξš²ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™…ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™©ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
94
ξ™„ξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’
5
.
II
ξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜žξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™…ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™Šξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™Ήξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹homo sapiensξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™…ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
200 milξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™°ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™΄ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™Šξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™†ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨“ξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜‘
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
95
ξ™„ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
III
ξ˜¬ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒhomo sapiens, con
ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™°ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™…ξ™’ξ™–
6
. En nuestra especie,
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™–ξ™‰ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξš΅
7
.
ξ˜€ξ™ξ™…ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒhomo sapiensξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜΅ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™›ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜³ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξš΅ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Ήξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜«ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™°ξ™†ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Ύξ™–ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξš΄ξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™Œξ™•ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™°ξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™•ξ™Œξ™Šξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜³ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™œξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒoptimizada de la vida y la descendencia.
ξ˜Άξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξš«ξ˜ƒ ξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξš«ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξš΅
8
.
ξ¨”ξ˜¦ξ™‰ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜©ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜Ίξ™„ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒEl mono que llevamos dentroξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜›ξ˜‘
ξ¨•ξ˜¬ξ™…ξ™΄ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜”ξ˜™ξ˜‘
ξ¨–Antonio Damasio, El extraΓ±o orden de las cosas. La vida, los sentimientos y la creaciΓ³n de las culturas. Barcelona, Planeta, 2018,
pp. 72-74
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
96
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξš΅ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™°ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Šξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™°ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™©ξ™ξ™…ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™©ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξš΄ξ˜±ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜΅ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
supervivencia, pero β€˜nosotros’ no implica solamente a las
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™…ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™Ύξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™Ύξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξš«ξ˜ƒ ξ˜·ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™ξ™°ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ˜§ξ˜±ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜«ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Έξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™©ξ™•ξ™…ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ˜žξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜€ξ˜§ξ˜±ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξš΅
9
.
ξš’ξ˜Όξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜³ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
entornos socio-naturales que desdeξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜“ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™°ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ

10
ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨—ξ˜΅ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™„ξ™šξ™Žξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒEl gen egoΓ­sta extendido.ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™—ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜šξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜›ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨Žξ˜¦ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™™ξ™„ξ™œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™…ξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™‰ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜­ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™•ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ˜
ξ˜―ξ™’ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒEl sello indeleble. Pasado, presente y futuro del ser humano. Barcelona, DeBolsillo, 2018, pp. 202-203.
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
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ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš³ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™°ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
supervivencia de la especie homo sapiensξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜΄ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜“ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ˜ƒhomo
sapiensξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™©ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™—ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξš³ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„
11
.
IV
ξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
nuestra especie ξš²ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ homo sapiensξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™°ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒhomo
habilis, el homo ergaster, el homo erectus y el homo neanderthalensis
12
ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Ήξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™•ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™°ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™’ξ™—ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘
ξ˜€ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒhomo sapiensξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜Ήξ˜¬ξ˜¬ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜Ήξ˜¬ξ˜¬ξ˜¬ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
Los individuos homo sapiens, como mΓ‘quinas de supervivencia que
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
En la mayor parte de la presencia del homo sapiensξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜œξ˜“ξ˜“ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒhomo antecesorξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ¨ξ˜±ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ›€ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξš²ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξš³ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξš΄ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™›ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
miles de aΓ±os.
ξ¨ξ¨ξ˜¦ξ™‰ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜­ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™•ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒEl collar del neandertal. En busca de los primeros pensadoresξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™’ξ™’ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™—ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜œξ˜‘
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
98
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™΄ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™Šξ™’ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™—ξ™„ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„
13
, para cuidar de
ξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™…ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™—ξ™„ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜³ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜“ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™°ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜·ξ™˜ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜§ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¦ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Γ‘sξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜»ξ˜»ξ˜¬ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜·ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ›€ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™©ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ˜€ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒtrabajo ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™•ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ¨‘ξ˜¦ξ™‰ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™„ξ™•ξ™…ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™•ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒAtapuerca. 40 aΓ±os inmersos en el pasadoξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜ͺξ™ˆξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™“ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜šξ˜‘
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
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ξ˜§ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²
ξ™…ξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Ήξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
ξš΄ξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜­ξ™’ξ™–ξ™°ξ˜ƒ ξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜Άξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜΅ξ™’ξ™‘ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™…ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™Šξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Ήξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξš΅
14
.
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξš΅ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Ήξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Ύξ™–ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
del homo sapiensξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒΓ©ste inventara, a partir
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™°ξ™†ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
V
ξ˜§ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™΄ξ™‘ξ›€ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™…ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜¬ξ˜»ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™˜ξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™˜ξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ 
15
ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™°ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™•ξ™©ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™°ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ¨’ξ˜­ξ™’ξ™–ξ™°ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒDiccionario de la ciencia.ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™°ξ™›ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™’ξ™’ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™—ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜˜ξ˜˜ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨“ξ˜¦ξ™‰ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒEn defensa de la IlustraciΓ³n. Por la razΓ³n, la ciencia, el humanismo y el progresoξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™Ήξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜›ξ˜‘
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
100
ξ˜Όξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ›€ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜»ξ˜»ξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™’ξ™—ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜²ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™’ξ™—ξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™©ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™°ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„,
ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™°ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
el acceso a los recursos para la vida y el bienestar se estΓ‘ independizando
del esfuerzo humano por obtenerlos (trabajo). Puesto en tΓ©rminos de
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™°ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜žξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™ξ™Šξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
ξ˜ƒξ˜²ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™©ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ homo sapiensξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™˜ξ™ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜±ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
y la violencia se dan la mano, creando espirales de deterioro individual
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™©ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜«ξ™’ξ™…ξ™…ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ›€ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™Œξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξšΆξ™“ξ™„ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξš·ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ™‰ξ™Ήξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
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ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜€ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™©ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™°ξ™–ξš΅ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™’ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™°ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™°ξ™—ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ›€ξ™„ξ™–ξš΅
16
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ξ˜²ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Ύξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™Šξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™©ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ

ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™’ξ™ξ™„ξ™• ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™†ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’
17
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ξš΄ξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξšΆξ˜²ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™°ξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξš·ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜§ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™‡ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™‡ξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™œξ™’ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξš«ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜”ξ˜›ξ˜šξ˜“ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™“ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™†ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™•ξ™©ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜²ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Ήξ™†ξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™’ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜Έξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™Ήξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξš΅
18
.
Steven Pinker, La tabla rasa. La negaciΓ³n moderna de la naturaleza humanaξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜₯ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™„ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™Ήξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜›ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜—ξ˜›ξ˜œξ˜ξ˜—ξ˜œξ˜“ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨•ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜¦ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜”ξ˜œξ˜˜ξ˜“ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨–ξ˜Άξ™—ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Žξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜¬ξ™…ξ™΄ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜–ξ˜”ξ˜”ξ˜‘
Trabajo, supervivencia y bienestar
102
ξ˜³ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™°ξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘
ξ™‰ξ™Ήξ™•ξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ›€ξ™–ξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•, con independencia de
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™…ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜―ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™°ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™•ξ™©ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™°ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™…ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™˜ξ™ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘
ξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™΄ξ›€ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Έξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜šξ˜“ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™©ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™’ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜»ξ˜»ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ˜‹ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™’ξ™Šξ™„ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™„ξš΅ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜―ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξš΄ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™Œξ™•ξ™©ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξš²ξ™„ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–
19
ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™…ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™˜ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–
20
ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜·ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™…ξ™„ξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ›€ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™…ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ¨—ξ˜―ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™°ξ™“ξ™’ξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™°ξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξš³ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™›ξ™Œξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™“ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ξ™’ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜€ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™Œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™„ξ™†ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™—ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨Žξ˜¦ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜‘
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
103
ξ˜¦ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™•ξ™„ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™΄ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξš²ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ™•ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™Šξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‰ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ξ™©ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξš΅ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒhomo sapiens
ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Ήξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™Œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‰ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™‰ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™…ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™“ξ™ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™•ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™˜ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™°ξ™†ξ™—ξ™•ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™„ξ™•ξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™™ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™ξ™°ξ™‰ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ
televisores, etc.β€” porque todos esos instrumentos y recursos nos ayudan
ξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™œξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™–ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ˜‹ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜Œξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™“ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
muerte.
ξ˜§ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξš²ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™’ξ™–ξš³ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™—ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‰ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜§ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™•ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™Œξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™„ξ™™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™…ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™˜ξ™…ξ™Œξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜³ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ›€ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™Œξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ›€ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™΄ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™Ύξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™°ξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜·ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™°ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Ήξ™ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™•ξ™Šξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™Œξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™“ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™†ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Όξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™ξ™„ξ™—ξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™…ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜Œξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™˜ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Œξ™Šξ™‘ξ™Œξ›€ξ™†ξ™„ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™–ξ™Œξ™…ξ™ξ™ˆ
21
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ξ˜Όξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™Ύξ™ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™‹ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™΄ξ™–ξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™ξ™Ήξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™°ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™Œξ™ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™ξ™–ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™Œξ™‘ξ˜ƒ ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™Šξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™°ξ™•ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Œξ™‘ξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜―ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™“ξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ˜­ξ™’ξ™–ξ™°ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξš΄ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™©ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™†ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™΄ξ™—ξ™Œξ™†ξ™„ξ˜žξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™•ξ™΄ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™•ξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™„ξ™ξ™…ξ™Œξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™–ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξš΅
22
ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒ ξ˜ƒ ξ˜€ξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™—ξ™•ξ™©ξ™Šξ™Œξ™†ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™Šξ™’ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒGΓ©nesisξ˜ƒξ˜–ξ˜ξ˜”ξ˜œξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξš΄ξ˜·ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™Šξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™•ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ™—ξ™˜ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™•ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™˜ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‰ξ™˜ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™„ξ™†ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξš΅ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ
ξ¨ξ¨ξ˜¦ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™†ξ™’ξ™•ξ™•ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ›€ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™Œξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™›ξ™“ξ™’ξ™ξ™Œξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™•ξ™ˆξ™™ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™„ξ˜ƒ
ξ™‡ξ™Œξ™†ξ™‹ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™Ήξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™†ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™—ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™˜ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™–ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™©ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™†ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™•ξ™ˆξ™„ξ™ξ™Œξ™‡ξ™„ξ™‡ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™©ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™™ξ™Œξ™–ξ™Œξ™Ήξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™“ξ™’ξ™•ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™™ξ™’ξ™ξ™˜ξ™—ξ™Œξ™™ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ™Šξ™΄ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™œξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™˜ξ™•ξ™’ξ™†ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™–ξ™ˆξ™Έξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™ξ™„ξ™™ξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒ
ξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™˜ξ™“ξ™ˆξ™•ξ™™ξ™Œξ™™ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™†ξ™Œξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™˜ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™„ξ˜‘
ξ¨ξ¨ξ˜­ξ™’ξ™–ξ™°ξ˜ƒξ˜°ξ™„ξ™‘ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™©ξ™‘ξ™†ξ™‹ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ˜΅ξ™’ξ™‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜¬ξ™…ξ™΄ξ™‡ξ˜‘ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ˜‘ξ˜ƒξ¨“ξ¨”ξ˜‘
TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 36, Enero-Junio 2020
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ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™…ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™†ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™“ξ™’ξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™•ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™„ξ˜ƒ ξ™ˆξ™–ξ™—ξ™•ξ™’ξ™‰ξ™„ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™„ξ™ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒ ξ™œξ˜ƒ ξ™™ξ™Œξ™—ξ™„ξ™ξ˜ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ˜±ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒ ξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒ ξ™…ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜ξ˜ƒ
ξš΄ξ˜€ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™Šξ™•ξ™Œξ™—ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™„ξ™—ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜’ξ˜ƒξ˜³ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™“ξ™„ξ™•ξ™„ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™΄ξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™˜ξ™‘ξ˜ƒ
ξ™ˆξ™‘ξ™ˆξ™ξ™Œξ™Šξ™’ξ˜’ξ˜¨ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™„ξ™•ξ˜ƒξ™œξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™’ξ™‡ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™„ξ™ξ˜ƒξ™…ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ™œξ˜’ξ˜³ξ™’ξ™•ξ™”ξ™˜ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™ˆξ™ξ˜ƒξ™—ξ™•ξ™„ξ™…ξ™„ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™‹ξ™Œξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒ
ξ˜§ξ™Œξ™’ξ™–ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™’ξ™ξ™’ξ˜ƒξ™†ξ™„ξ™–ξ™—ξ™Œξ™Šξ™’ξš΅ξ˜‘
ξ˜Άξ™„ξ™‘ξ˜ƒξ˜Άξ™„ξ™ξ™™ξ™„ξ™‡ξ™’ξ™•ξ˜ξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜•ξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™–ξ™ˆξ™“ξ™—ξ™Œξ™ˆξ™ξ™…ξ™•ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ™‡ξ™ˆξ˜ƒξ˜•ξ˜“ξ˜”ξ˜œ